Discursive or Factual Passages
Passage 1: The Double-Edged Sword of Social Media
(Factual)
Social media has become an inseparable part of modern life, a digital town square where we connect, share, and learn. Platforms like Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), and Facebook have revolutionized communication, allowing us to stay in touch with friends and family across the globe, and to access information at an unprecedented speed. For students, these platforms can be powerful educational tools, offering access to expert discussions, educational content, and global perspectives that were once unimaginable. They can foster a sense of community and provide a platform for self-expression and creativity.
However, this constant connectivity comes with a significant downside. The curated and often idealized versions of life presented on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety among young users. The pressure to present a “perfect” life can be immense, leading to a fear of missing out (FOMO) and negatively impacting self-esteem. Cyberbullying is another grave concern, with the anonymity of the internet sometimes emboldening individuals to engage in harmful behavior that they wouldn’t in face-to-face interactions.
Furthermore, the algorithms that power these platforms are designed to keep users engaged for as long as possible. This can lead to addiction, with students spending excessive hours scrolling through feeds instead of focusing on their studies, hobbies, or real-life social interactions. It is crucial for young people to develop a balanced and mindful approach to social media, using it as a tool for positive engagement rather than letting it control their lives.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) According to the passage, social media can be a powerful educational tool by:
(i) replacing traditional classroom learning entirely.
(ii) offering access to expert discussions and global perspectives.
(iii) guaranteeing high grades in examinations.
(iv) providing a platform for online gaming.
(b) What is “FOMO” as mentioned in the passage?
(i) Fear of moving out
(ii) Fear of missing out
(iii) Fear of manipulative opinions
(iv) Fear of online marketing
(c) How can the anonymity of the internet contribute to negative behavior?
(d) What is the primary design goal of social media algorithms?
(e) List one positive and one negative aspect of social media mentioned in the passage.
(f) Why is a “balanced and mindful approach” to social media important for students?
(g) Find a word in the passage which means the same as “made in a special way”. (Para 2)
(h) What does the phrase “double-edged sword” imply in the context of the passage?
Passage 2: The Rise of Online Learning
(Discursive)
The landscape of education is undergoing a seismic shift, with online learning emerging as a prominent and powerful medium. Fuelled by technological advancements and accelerated by recent global events, e-learning has transitioned from a niche option to a mainstream reality for millions of students. The flexibility it offers is unparalleled; students can learn at their own pace, revisiting complex topics as needed and accessing a vast repository of resources from the comfort of their homes. This personalized approach can cater to different learning styles, potentially making education more effective and inclusive.
Moreover, online platforms break down geographical barriers. A student in a small town can now access courses from world-renowned institutions, and collaborate with peers from different cultures, fostering a global classroom environment. This democratization of knowledge is perhaps one of the most significant benefits of the digital education revolution. It empowers learners to take control of their educational journey, equipping them with digital literacy skills that are essential in the 21st-century workplace.
However, the transition is not without its challenges. The lack of face-to-face interaction can lead to feelings of isolation and a diminished sense of community among students. The absence of a structured school environment can also test a student’s self-discipline and time management skills. Furthermore, the digital divide remains a critical issue; unequal access to high-speed internet and suitable devices can create significant disparities in learning opportunities. As we move forward, the goal should not be to replace traditional schooling entirely, but to create a blended model that harnesses the strengths of both physical and virtual learning environments.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) The primary advantage of online learning mentioned in the passage is:
(i) the complete replacement of teachers.
(ii) its flexibility and personalized pace.
(iii) the guarantee of social interaction.
(iv) its focus on extracurricular activities.
(b) What does the term “digital divide” refer to?
(i) The gap in understanding between teachers and students.
(ii) The difference in software used by various schools.
(iii) The unequal access to technology and the internet.
(iv) The separation between online and offline friends.
(c) How does online learning foster a “global classroom environment”?
(d) What personal skills are tested in an online learning setup?
(e) According to the passage, what is a major social drawback of online learning?
(f) What is the author’s suggestion for the future of education?
(g) Find a word in the passage which means the same as “a very large storehouse”. (Para 1)
(h) Why is digital literacy considered an essential skill for the future?
Passage 3: Our Planet, Our Responsibility: Tackling Plastic Pollution
(Factual)
Plastic, a material invented to last, has become one of the most pressing environmental threats of our time. From the highest mountains to the deepest oceans, plastic waste is ubiquitous. Single-use plastics, such as bottles, bags, and wrappers, are the primary culprits. They are used for a few moments but persist in the environment for hundreds of years. This plastic doesn’t just disappear; it breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces called microplastics, which contaminate our soil, water, and even the air we breathe.
The impact on wildlife is devastating. Marine animals often mistake plastic bags for food or get entangled in discarded nets. On land, plastic pollution leaches toxic chemicals into the ground, affecting agriculture and seeping into water sources. The production of plastic itself contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating climate change. The convenience that plastic offers has come at a steep environmental cost, and the bill is now due.
Addressing this crisis requires a multi-pronged approach. Governments and corporations must take the lead in reducing plastic production and promoting sustainable alternatives. Innovations in recycling technology are crucial, but an even greater emphasis must be placed on the first two ‘R’s: Reduce and Reuse. As individuals, our choices matter. Opting for reusable bags, water bottles, and containers, refusing plastic straws, and participating in community clean-up drives are small but powerful actions. Educating ourselves and others about the long-term consequences of our consumption habits is the first step towards fostering a culture of sustainability and ensuring a healthier planet for future generations.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) The main reason plastic is an environmental threat is because it:
(i) is very expensive to produce.
(ii) is difficult to find.
(iii) persists in the environment for a very long time.
(iv) cannot be used more than once.
(b) What are microplastics?
(i) A type of eco-friendly plastic.
(ii) Tiny pieces that plastic breaks down into.
(iii) Plastic used for making small toys.
(iv) A brand of recycled plastic.
(c) How does plastic pollution harm marine animals?
(d) What are the first two ‘R’s that the passage emphasizes for tackling plastic waste?
(e) Mention one way in which plastic production affects the environment.
(f) What role can individuals play in combating plastic pollution? (Mention two actions)
(g) Find a word in the passage which means the same as “worsening”. (Para 2)
(h) What does the author mean by “the bill is now due”?
Passage 4: The Unspoken Struggle: Why Mental Health Matters
(Discursive)
For generations, the topic of mental health has been shrouded in silence and stigma. It has been the elephant in the room—a significant issue that everyone knows exists, but few are willing to discuss openly. Mental health is as crucial to our overall well-being as physical health. It encompasses our emotional, psychological, and social well-being, affecting how we think, feel, and act. Just as it’s normal to visit a doctor for a fever, it should be equally normal to seek help for feelings of anxiety, depression, or overwhelming stress.
For students, the pressures of academic performance, peer relationships, and planning for the future can be immense. These stressors can sometimes lead to mental health challenges that, if left unaddressed, can hinder their personal and academic growth. The reluctance to talk about these struggles often stems from a fear of being judged or misunderstood. This is why creating a safe and supportive environment in schools and at home is paramount. Open conversations can normalize the experience and encourage individuals to seek the help they need without shame.
Promoting mental wellness involves more than just addressing problems when they arise. It’s about cultivating positive habits like mindfulness, regular exercise, getting adequate sleep, and maintaining a healthy work-life balance. It’s about learning to be kind to ourselves, recognizing that it’s okay not to be okay, and building a strong support system of friends, family, and trusted adults. By prioritizing mental health, we are not just treating an illness; we are nurturing resilience, fostering emotional intelligence, and empowering young people to lead happier, more fulfilling lives.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) The main idea of the passage is that mental health:
(i) is only a problem for adults.
(ii) is less important than physical health.
(iii) should be discussed openly and prioritized.
(iv) is a sign of personal weakness.
(b) According to the passage, the fear of being judged leads to:
(i) better academic performance.
(ii) a reluctance to talk about mental struggles.
(iii) stronger peer relationships.
(iv) an increase in physical fitness.
(c) What does the phrase “the elephant in the room” signify?
(d) List two stressors for students mentioned in the passage.
(e) How can schools and homes contribute to better mental health for students?
(f) Apart from seeking help, what are two positive habits mentioned for promoting mental wellness?
(g) Find a word in the passage which means the same as “ability to recover quickly from difficulties”. (Para 3)
(h) Why is it important to “normalize” conversations about mental health?
Passage 5: Beyond the Textbook: The Importance of Sports in Education
(Factual)
Education is often narrowly perceived as the pursuit of academic excellence, confined to classrooms and textbooks. However, a truly holistic education extends far beyond these boundaries, and sports play an indispensable role in this broader vision. Engaging in sports is not merely a recreational activity; it is a powerful learning experience that imparts crucial life skills that are often difficult to teach through conventional methods.
On the field, students learn the values of discipline, perseverance, and teamwork. They learn to handle both victory and defeat with grace, building resilience and character. The strategic thinking required in many sports, from cricket to basketball, enhances problem-solving and decision-making abilities. Physical activity is also intrinsically linked to better cognitive function. Regular participation in sports improves concentration, memory, and classroom behavior, contributing directly to better academic outcomes. It is a proven and effective stress-buster, providing a healthy outlet for the pressures of student life.
Furthermore, sports foster social skills and a sense of community. Teammates learn to communicate effectively, trust one another, and work collaboratively towards a common goal. These experiences build strong interpersonal bonds and teach students about leadership and cooperation. In an era increasingly dominated by digital interaction, the real-world camaraderie of a sports team is more valuable than ever. Therefore, integrating sports into the core of the educational curriculum is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing well-rounded, healthy, and capable individuals.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) The central argument of the passage is that sports are:
(i) a distraction from serious academic work.
(ii) essential for a holistic and complete education.
(iii) only beneficial for developing physical strength.
(iv) less important than classroom learning.
(b) Which of these is a cognitive benefit of playing sports mentioned in the passage?
(i) Increased height
(ii) Improved memory and concentration
(iii) Better social media skills
(iv) Enhanced musical ability
(c) What does the passage say students learn from experiencing both victory and defeat?
(d) How do sports act as a “stress-buster”?
(e) List two life skills, apart from discipline, that sports help to develop.
(f) Why is the “real-world camaraderie” of a sports team considered particularly valuable today?
(g) Find a word in the passage which means the same as “absolutely necessary”. (Para 1)
(h) Explain the meaning of a “holistic education” in the context of this passage.
Passage 6: The Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
(Factual)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is no longer a concept confined to science fiction; it is a transformative technology reshaping our world. At its core, AI involves creating smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. This includes learning from experience, understanding language, recognizing patterns, and solving problems. From the voice assistants on our smartphones like Siri and Alexa to the recommendation algorithms that suggest what we should watch or buy next, AI is already deeply integrated into our daily lives. In fields like medicine, AI is helping doctors diagnose diseases more accurately and quickly, while in transportation, it is the driving force behind self-driving cars.
The potential of AI is immense. It can process vast amounts of data far beyond human capability, leading to breakthroughs in science, improved efficiency in industries, and personalized learning experiences for students. By automating repetitive and mundane tasks, AI can free up human workers to focus on more creative and strategic roles. It holds the promise of solving some of the world’s most complex challenges, from climate change to food security.
However, the rapid advancement of AI also raises important ethical and social questions. Concerns about job displacement due to automation are widespread. The issue of bias in AI systems, where algorithms reflect and even amplify human prejudices, is a significant challenge that needs to be addressed to ensure fairness. Furthermore, questions about data privacy and the control of powerful AI technologies are crucial. As we stand on the brink of this new era, it is vital that we approach the development of AI not just with innovation, but with a strong sense of responsibility, ensuring that this powerful tool is used for the benefit of all humanity.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) According to the passage, which of the following is NOT an example of AI in daily life?
(i) Voice assistants on smartphones
(ii) Recommendation algorithms on streaming services
(iii) A traditional printed newspaper
(iv) Self-driving cars
(b) The passage states that a key advantage of AI is its ability to:
(i) perfectly mimic human emotions.
(ii) process vast amounts of data quickly.
(iii) eliminate the need for human creativity.
(iv) function without any electricity.
(c) What is meant by “bias in AI systems”?
(d) According to the author, how can AI benefit human workers?
(e) List one major potential benefit and one major concern related to AI mentioned in the passage.
(f) Why is a “strong sense of responsibility” needed in the development of AI?
(g) Find a word in the passage that means the same as “boring or dull”. (Para 2)
(h) What does the author mean by calling AI a “transformative technology”?
Passage 7: Fast Fashion and Its Environmental Cost
(Discursive)
In today’s fast-paced world, the fashion industry has undergone a dramatic transformation. “Fast fashion” is a term used to describe a business model where new clothing designs move from the catwalk to stores in the shortest possible time to meet emerging trends. Brands now offer dozens of new “micro-seasons” a year, making clothing cheaper and more accessible than ever before. This has encouraged a culture of disposability, where garments are worn only a few times before being discarded in favour of the next new thing. While this seems like a consumer’s dream, it has a hidden and devastating environmental cost.
The fast fashion industry is one of the largest polluters globally. The production of cheap textiles, especially polyester and other synthetic fibres, relies heavily on fossil fuels. Cotton, while a natural fibre, is incredibly water-intensive; it can take over 20,000 litres of water to produce just one T-shirt and a pair of jeans. The dyeing and treatment of fabrics produce toxic chemical waste that pollutes rivers and harms aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, the sheer volume of discarded clothing is overwhelming landfills, and because many of these clothes are made from non-biodegradable synthetic materials, they will persist in the environment for centuries.
So, what is the alternative? A growing movement towards “slow fashion” advocates for a more conscious approach. This involves buying fewer clothes of higher quality that are designed to last. It means supporting brands that use sustainable materials and ethical manufacturing processes. As consumers, we hold the power to drive change. By repairing our clothes, buying second-hand, and questioning our need for constant novelty, we can challenge the throwaway culture. Making mindful choices about what we wear is a powerful statement for the health of our planet.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) The term “fast fashion” describes a business model focused on:
(i) producing high-quality, long-lasting clothes.
(ii) quickly bringing new, trendy clothes to the market.
(iii) using only natural and organic materials.
(iv) selling exclusively handmade garments.
(b) A major environmental issue with cotton production mentioned in the passage is its:
(i) high cost.
(ii) slow growth rate.
(iii) intense use of water.
(iv) unpleasant smell.
(c) What does the passage describe as a “culture of disposability”?
(d) How do synthetic fibres like polyester contribute to pollution?
(e) According to the author, what is the core idea behind “slow fashion”?
(f) In what two ways can consumers challenge the culture of fast fashion?
(g) Find a word in the passage that means the same as “very large or great”. (Para 2)
(h) Explain the meaning of the phrase “a hidden and devastating environmental cost”.
Passage 8: The Importance of Digital Citizenship
(Factual)
Just as we are citizens of a country, we are also citizens of the digital world. Digital citizenship refers to the responsible and ethical use of technology. It’s not just about knowing how to use a computer or a smartphone; it’s about understanding how to act safely, respectfully, and responsibly online. In an age where a significant portion of our lives—from socializing and learning to banking and shopping—takes place online, being a good digital citizen is a critical life skill.
A key pillar of digital citizenship is digital literacy, which includes the ability to find, evaluate, and create information online. This is particularly important in the era of “fake news” and misinformation. A responsible digital citizen knows how to critically assess sources, distinguish fact from fiction, and avoid sharing false information. Another crucial aspect is digital etiquette, or ‘netiquette’. This involves respecting others’ opinions, communicating politely, and avoiding cyberbullying. It’s about remembering that there is a real person with real feelings on the other side of the screen.
Furthermore, digital citizenship encompasses understanding our digital footprint—the trail of data we leave behind online. Every post, like, and comment contributes to this footprint, which can be seen by others and can impact future opportunities, such as college admissions or job prospects. Therefore, protecting one’s personal information and respecting the privacy of others is paramount. By embracing the principles of respect, education, and protection, we can help build an online community that is safe, positive, and empowering for everyone.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) Digital citizenship is best described as:
(i) owning the latest technology.
(ii) knowing how to code a website.
(iii) using technology in a safe, responsible, and ethical way.
(iv) spending all your time online.
(b) What is a “digital footprint”?
(i) A type of computer virus
(ii) The trail of data a person leaves online
(iii) The size of your shoes ordered online
(iv) A password for a social media account
(c) Why is digital literacy important in the modern age?
(d) What does ‘netiquette’ refer to?
(e) According to the passage, how can a person be a responsible digital citizen when dealing with online information?
(f) Why is it important to be mindful of your digital footprint?
(g) Find a word in the passage that means the same as “most important” or “essential”. (Para 3)
(h) What does the author mean by “there is a real person with real feelings on the other side of the screen”?
Passage 9: The Gig Economy: A New Way of Working
(Discursive)
The traditional idea of a career—a stable, nine-to-five job with a single employer for many years—is being reshaped by the rise of the gig economy. The gig economy is a labour market characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work, as opposed to permanent jobs. Think of app-based services like food delivery drivers, ride-sharing drivers, or freelance writers and graphic designers who find projects online. These workers, often called ‘gig workers’, are their own bosses, choosing when and where they work.
This model offers undeniable flexibility, which is its main attraction. For students, parents, or those who want to supplement their income, the ability to set one’s own hours is a huge advantage. It allows for a better work-life balance and the freedom to pursue multiple interests or projects simultaneously. The gig economy also lowers the barrier to entry for many professions; with a smartphone and a vehicle, one can start earning, providing opportunities for many who might struggle to find traditional employment.
However, this new way of working is not without its challenges. The biggest drawback is the lack of job security and benefits. Gig workers often do not receive paid sick leave, health insurance, or retirement plans that are standard in traditional employment. Their income can be unpredictable and inconsistent, making financial planning difficult. There is also a concern about the lack of legal protections and a sense of isolation from not being part of a stable team. As the gig economy continues to grow, society faces the challenge of adapting its labour laws and social safety nets to ensure that flexibility for some does not come at the cost of security for many.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) The gig economy is a labour market based on:
(i) permanent, lifelong jobs.
(ii) government employment only.
(iii) short-term contracts and freelance work.
(iv) working only in large corporations.
(b) What is the primary advantage of the gig economy for workers?
(i) A guaranteed high salary
(ii) Flexibility in work hours and location
(iii) Comprehensive health insurance
(iv) A fixed daily routine
(c) Who are ‘gig workers’?
(d) Mention two specific drawbacks for gig workers as stated in the passage.
(e) How does the gig economy provide opportunities for people who might struggle with traditional jobs?
(f) What challenge does the growth of the gig economy pose to society?
(g) Find a word in the passage that means the same as “add to” or “increase”. (Para 2)
(h) Explain what the author means by “flexibility for some does not come at the cost of security for many”.
Passage 10: The Lost Art of Hobbies
(Discursive)
In our hyper-scheduled and goal-oriented world, we often forget the simple joy of doing something just for the love of it. This is the essence of a hobby. A hobby is an activity pursued for pleasure and relaxation, not for payment or as a primary job. It could be anything from gardening, painting, or playing a musical instrument to collecting stamps, stargazing, or learning a new language. Yet, in the constant race for academic grades and career achievements, the space for such personal pursuits seems to be shrinking, especially for students.
Engaging in a hobby is far from being a waste of time; it is a vital investment in our mental and emotional well-being. Hobbies provide a much-needed escape from daily pressures and stress, allowing our minds to focus on something creative and fulfilling. They can boost self-esteem by giving us a sense of mastery and accomplishment outside the competitive arenas of school or work. Learning a new skill through a hobby can also improve cognitive functions like memory and problem-solving. A study might be for a grade, but learning to play a guitar chord is a personal victory.
Furthermore, hobbies can be a gateway to new social connections. Joining a book club, a sports team, or a craft group connects us with people who share our interests, fostering a sense of community and belonging. In an era of digital isolation, these real-world connections are invaluable. It is crucial for students to be encouraged not just to study hard, but also to explore and cultivate interests that bring them joy. Carving out time for a hobby is not an indulgence; it is an essential component of a balanced, happy, and well-rounded life.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) According to the passage, a hobby is an activity pursued primarily for:
(i) financial gain.
(ii) academic credit.
(iii) pleasure and relaxation.
(iv) professional recognition.
(b) The passage suggests that hobbies can improve cognitive functions such as:
(i) physical strength.
(ii) social status.
(iii) memory and problem-solving.
(iv) digital literacy.
(c) Why is the space for personal hobbies shrinking, according to the author?
(d) How can a hobby boost a person’s self-esteem?
(e) What is the social benefit of having a hobby mentioned in the passage?
(f) The author describes a hobby as a “vital investment”. What is it an investment in?
(g) Find a word in the passage that means the same as “a thing that is not necessary, but is desirable”. (Para 3)
(h) Explain the difference between studying for a grade and learning something as a hobby, as implied in the passage.